Evaluation of Tourism Policy Based on Local Knowledge: The Case of Lake Toba, Indonesia
Abstract
The Indonesian government should design policies to provide a socially inclusive and local knowledge-based tourism framework. Tourism policies are weak in promoting local knowledge-based tourism, contributing to economic turnover. Implementing local knowledge-based government policies is essential and strategic because it can trigger an increase in the economy of the people who occupy the seven regencies around the Lake Toba tourist attraction. The objective of this study is to analyze the application of tourism policies based on local knowledge in the buffer districts of the Lake Toba Region based on the social context that includes economic, government, political, and cultural facts. In collecting data, this study uses primary data and secondary data. This article presents the analysis of preliminary data and secondary data as a result of observation with a qualitative approach. Through qualitative methods, this study analyzes and interprets tourism policies on the facts of local knowledge. Policy observation focuses on exploring the reciprocal interactions that affect the implementation of tourism policies. The analysis of the evaluation of tourism development policies in this study found that the availability of supporting resources had not been allocated clearly. External conditions (social, economic, and political) hinder the implementation of local knowledge-based tourism policies effectively and optimally. In the future, this study should develop a mapping of local knowledge-based systems to establish a common understanding in the collective management of complex policy issues among stakeholders—mapping of local knowledge-based systems to support evaluation designs in sustainable tourism programs in the Lake Toba region.
Keywords: community, evaluation, local knowledge, policy, stakeholders, tourism.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
AJIBADE, I. (2019). Planned retreat in Global South megacities: disentangling policy, practice, and environmental justice. Climatic Change, 157(2), 299-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02535-1
BAUTO, L.M. (2016). Socio-cultural values as community local wisdom katoba muna in the development of learning materials social studies and history. Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, 14(2), 195-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/historia.v14i2.2027
BONZANIGO, L., GIUPPONI, C., & BALBI, S. (2016). Sustainable tourism planning and climate change adaptation in the Alps: A case study of winter tourism in mountain communities in the Dolomites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(4), 637-652. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1122013
CHAMIDAH, N., GUNTORO, B., & SULASTRI, E. (2020). Marketing communication and synergy of Pentahelix strategy on satisfaction and sustainable tourism. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(3), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no3.177
CHONG, K.L. (2020). The side effects of mass tourism: the voices of Bali islanders. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(2), 157-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1683591
EDGELL, D.L. (2019). Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429318122
FARSARI, Y., BUTLER, R.W., & PRASTACOS, P. (2007). Sustainable tourism policy for Mediterranean destinations: issues and interrelationships. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 1(1), 58-78. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429318122
FERNANDO, R.L.S. (2019). Solid waste management of local governments in the Western Province of Sri Lanka: An implementation analysis. Waste Management, 84, 194-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.030
GURTNER, Y. (2016). Returning to paradise: Investigating issues of tourism crisis and disaster recovery on the island of Bali. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 11-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.04.007
IZAKOVIČOVÁ, Z., MIKLÓS, L., & ŠPULEROVÁ, J. (2019). Basic principles of sustainable land use management. In: MUELLER, L., & EULENSTEIN, F. (eds.) Current Trends in Landscape Research. Cham: Springer, pp. 395-423.
JAELANI, A. (2017). Halal tourism industry in Indonesia: Potential and prospects. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 25–34. Retrieved from https://econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/view/4352
JUMA, L.O., & KHADEMI-VIDRA, A. (2019). Community-based tourism and sustainable development of rural regions in Kenya; perceptions of the citizenry. Sustainability, 11(17), 4733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174733
KALA, D., & BAGRI, S.C. (2018). Barriers to local community participation in tourism development: Evidence from mountainous state Uttarakhand, India. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 66(3), 318-333. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/303072
KHALID, S., AHMAD, M. S., RAMAYAH, T., HWANG, J., & KIM, I. (2019). Community empowerment and sustainable tourism development: The mediating role of community support for tourism. Sustainability, 11(22), 6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226248
LEAL FILHO, W., BRANDLI, L.L., BECKER, D., SKANAVIS, C., KOUNANI, A., SARDI, C., PAPAIOANNIDOU, D., PAÇO, A., AZEITEIRO, U., DE SOUSA, L.O., RAATH, S., PRETORIUS, R.W., SHIEL, C., VARGAS, V., TRENCHER, G., & MARANS, R.W. (2018). Sustainable development policies as indicators and pre-conditions for sustainability efforts at universities: Fact or fiction? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 19(1), 85-113. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-01-2017-0002
MANAF, A., PURBASARI, N., DAMAYANTI, M., APRILIA, N., & ASTUTI, W. (2018). Community-based rural tourism in inter-organizational collaboration: How does it work sustainably? Lessons learned from Nglanggeran Tourism Village, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(7), 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072142
MARTINI, U., BUFFA, F., & NOTARO, S. (2017). Community participation, natural resource management and the creation of innovative tourism products: Evidence from Italian networks of reserves in the Alps. Sustainability, 9(12), 2314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122314
MARTINS, M. (2018). Tourism planning and tourismphobia: An analysis of the strategic tourism plan of Barcelona 2010–2015. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 4(1), 3-7. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1247519
NUGROHO, K., CARDEN, F., & ANTLOV, H. (2018). Local Knowledge Matters: Power, Context and Policy Making in Indonesia. Bristol: Policy Press. http://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348078.001.0001
PAN, S.Y., GAO, M., KIM, H., SHAH, K.J., PEI, S.L., & CHIANG, P.C. (2018). Advances and challenges in sustainable tourism toward a green economy. Science of the Total Environment, 635, 452-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.134
PERSSON, J., JOHANSSON, E.L., & OLSSON, L. (2018). Harnessing local knowledge for scientific knowledge production: challenges and pitfalls within evidence-based sustainability studies. Ecology and Society, 23(4), 38. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10608-230438
PFADENHAUER, L.M., GERHARDUS, A., MOZYGEMBA, K., LYSDAHL, K.B., BOOTH, A., HOFMANN, B., WAHLSTER, P., POLUS, S., BURNS, J., BRERETON, L., & REHFUESS, E. (2017). Making sense of complexity in context and implementation: the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions (CICI) framework. Implementation Science, 12(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0552-5
RACHMAWATI, E., & FOUNTAIN, J. (2020). Role of External Stakeholders in Tourism Development and Community Empowerment. International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events, 4(1), 25-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/ijaste.v4i1.1640
RASOOLIMANESH, S.M., & JAAFAR, M. (2016). Residents’ perception toward tourism development: A pre-development perspective. Journal of Place Management and Development, 9(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2015-0045
RATANAPONGTRA, T., KHAMKERD, T., KONGDIT, S., & NAWATNATEE, T. (2020). Value creation of local identity in Thailand: Marketing promotion for enhancing community-based cultural tourism. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 13(6), 475-488. Retrieved from https://www.ijicc.net/images/vol_13/Iss_6/13649_Ratanapongtra_2020_E_R.pdf
WAHYUNINGRUM, I.F.S., OKTAVILIA, S., & UTAMI, S. (2020). Developing Tourism Potentials: Evidence from Semawis Night Market. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 55(6). https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.6.16
WANG, N., FANG, M., BEAUCHAMP, M., JIA, Z., & ZHOU, Z. (2021). An indigenous knowledge-based sustainable landscape for mountain villages: The Jiabang rice terraces of Guizhou, China. Habitat International, 111, 102360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102360
WONDIRAD, A., & EWNETU, B. (2019). Community participation in tourism development as a tool to foster sustainable land and resource use practices in a national park milieu. Land Use Policy, 88, 104155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104155
WU, C.C., & TSAI, H.M. (2016). Capacity building for tourism development in a nested social–ecological system — A case study of the South Penghu Archipelago Marine National Park, Taiwan. Ocean & Coastal Management, 123, 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.02.001
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.